Wikipedia:Sheffield

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City of Sheffield
—  Borough & City  —
Top: Sheffield from Meersbrook Park, middle left: Sheffield Cathedral, middle right: Shepherd Wheel, bottom left: Fargate, bottom right: Sheffield Winter Garden.

Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname(s): "Steel City"
Motto: "Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit" "With God's help our labour is successful"
Sheffield shown within England
Coordinates: 53°23′09″N 1°28′10″W / 53.38583°N 1.46944°W / 53.38583; -1.46944
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Constituent country England
Region Yorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial county South Yorkshire
Admin HQ Sheffield City Centre
Founded ~8th century
Town charter 10 August 1297
City status 1893
Government
 - Type Metropolitan borough, City
 - Governing body Sheffield City Council
 - Lord Mayor Jane Bird
 - Council Leader Paul Scriven (LD)
 - MPs: Clive Betts (L)
David Blunkett (L)
Richard Caborn (L)
Nick Clegg (LD)
Meg Munn (L)
Angela Smith (L)
Area
 - Borough & City 142.1 sq mi (367.94 km2)
Population (2007 est.)
 - Borough & City 530,300 (Ranked 3rd)
 - Density 3,732.2/sq mi (1,441/km2)
 - Urban 640,720
(Sheffield urban area)
 - Urban Density 10,228.4/sq mi (3,949.2/km2)
 - City Region 1,819,500
 - County 1,292,900
Time zone Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0)
Postcode S
Area code(s) 0114
ISO 3166-2 GB-SHF
ONS code 00CG
OS grid reference SK352878
NUTS 3 UKE32
Demonym Sheffielders
Website www.sheffield.gov.uk

Sheffield (pronounced /ˈʃɛfiːld/ ( listen)) is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. It is so named because of its origins in a field on the River Sheaf that runs through the city.

Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wide economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is estimated at 530,300 people (2007 est.),[1] and it is one of the eight largest English cities outside London, which form the English Core Cities Group. The wider Sheffield Urban Area, which extends beyond the city proper, has a population of 640,720.

Sheffield obtained worldwide recognition during the 19th century for its production of steel. Many innovations in the industry were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its city charter in 1893, and officially became the City of Sheffield. International competition in iron and steel eventually caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, and at the same time the nearby coal mining industries collapsed.

The beginning of the 21st century has shown extensive redevelopment in some British cities, including Sheffield. The city's GVA (gross value added) increased by 60 per cent in recent years and, in 2006, it reached £8.7 billion. The overall economy experienced steady growth averaging around five per cent annually and, as such, has been growing at a higher rate than has been experienced in Yorkshire and the Humber in general.

The City of Sheffield is located near the confluence of five rivers, with much of the city having been built on hillsides with views either into the city centre or out to the countryside. With an estimated total of over two million living trees, Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe: 61% of the city is greenspace.

Contents

History

Section of an illuminated manuscript showing a figure seated on a horse
Portrait of Chaucer as a Canterbury pilgrim in the Ellesmere manuscript of The Canterbury Tales

The area that is now the City of Sheffield has been occupied since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period, about 12,800 years ago.[2] but the settlements that grew to form Sheffield date from the second half of the 1st millennium, and are of Anglo-Saxon and Danish origin.[3] In Anglo-Saxon times the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829.[4] This event made Egbert the first Saxon to claim to be king of all of England. After the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.[5]

By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square,[6] and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town. In the 14th century Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives, as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales,[7] and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of cutlery production in England outside of London, overseen by the The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire.[8] From 1570 to 1584 Mary, Queen of Scots was held as a prisoner in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor.[9]

Church building viewed from a grave yard
Beauchief Abbey

In the 1740s, a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been available.[10] About the same time, a technique for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating was invented and became widely known as Sheffield plate.[11] These innovations spurred the growth of Sheffield as an industrial town.[12] However, the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.[3] The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 in 1901.[3] The town was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and granted a city charter in 1893.[13] The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.[14] The growing population also led to the construction of a large number of back-to-back slums, which, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell, writing in 1937, to declare, "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".[15]

A recession in the 1930s was halted by increasing international tensions as World War II loomed. The steel factories of Sheffield were set to work making weapons and ammunition for the war. As a result, once war was declared, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred over the nights of 12 December and 15 December 1940 (now known as the Sheffield Blitz). More than 660 lives were lost and numerous buildings were destroyed.[16]

In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the slums were demolished and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.[3] Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries (along with those of many other areas in the UK).[17] The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much needed jobs but speeding the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games, WSG, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex.[3]

The city is now changing rapidly as new projects aim to regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such project, the Heart of the City Project, has seen a number of public works in the city centre: the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, the Winter Gardens were opened on 22 May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the Millennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Further developments included the remodelling of Sheaf Square in front of the recently refurbished railway station. The new square contains The Cutting Edge, a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd[18] and made of Sheffield steel.

Governance

View across a garden containing people enjoying a sunny day towards a large Victorian building with a clock tower
Sheffield Town Hall and the Peace Gardens

Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council. It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 wards—three councillors per ward. It is currently controlled by the Liberal Democrats who gained the council from NOC at the English Local Election 2008—the Liberal Democrats took 45 seats to Labour's 36.[19] The Green Party took three council seats, whilst the Conservative party lost its single seat. Since the 2008 election, the leader of the council has been Paul Scriven.[20] The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The current (2009/10) Lord Mayor is Graham Oxley.[21]

For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its leftist sympathies; during the 1980s administration under David Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire".[22] However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again in the May 2008 local elections.[23]

The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Stadium. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.[24][25]

The city returns six Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, though this will be reduced to five at the next election as one constituency, Hillsborough, will be abolished and its area redistributed among three other constituencies.[26]

International links

Sheffield is formally twinned with Anshan in China, Bochum in Germany, Donetsk in Ukraine, and Esteli in Nicaragua. There are more informal links with Kawasaki in Japan, Kitwe in Zambia, Kotli in Kashmir and Pittsburgh in the United States.[27] Sheffield has also had close links with Poland, since Polish ex-servicemen who fought alongside British forces during the Second World War settled in the city.[28]

Geography

Sheffield is located at 53°23′N 1°28′W / 53.383°N 1.467°W / 53.383; -1.467. It lies directly beside Rotherham, from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway. Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,[29] including Totley, Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships. Directly to the west of the city is the Peak District National Park and the Pennine hill range.

Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.[30] The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by several hills[31] and the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city's lowest point is just 29.27 metres (96 ft) above sea level near Blackburn Meadows, while some parts of the city are at over 500 metres (1,640 ft); the highest point being 548 metres (1,798 ft) at High Stones, near Margery Hill. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres (330 and 660 ft) above sea level.[32]

Wide view from atop a hill over-looking a cityscape
Panorama from Meersbrook Park

With an estimated total of over two million trees,[33] Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe. It has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi/28.3 km2), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi/18.3 km2) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 square miles (134.7 km2) of national park and 4.20 square miles (10.9 km2) of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 330 yards (300 m) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.[34]

Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as sites of special scientific interest.[35]

The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District. This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park (no other English city includes parts of a national park within its boundary),[36] and Sheffield often boasts of being Europe's greenest city, a claim that was reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition. This was helped by the fact that Sheffield contains over 150 woodland spaces and 50 public parks.[37]

Climate and climate change

The west to east sloping land, crossed by a number of eastwards-draining rivers (including the Tyne, Wear and Tees) characterized the land in the northeastern quadrant of England. Further south, the River Ouse crosses the Vale of York, with tributaries such as the Wharfe, Aire, Nidd and Don originate the Pennines, a chain of rolling gritstone moors rising to well over 600 metres (2,000 ft) and reaching their highest point at Cross Fell (893 metres [2,930 ft]). The Pennines form a natural barrier to east-west communications, but the Tyne gap links Carlisle and Newcastle and the Aire gap linking Lancashire and Yorkshire. The other significant area of high ground is the North York Moors, rising to over 400 metres (1,300 ft).

The area's western and eastern boundaries influence its climate. The Pennines high altitude creates an environment that is frequently cool, gloomy and wet, but the Pennines also cast a "rain shadow" across the area through the shelter they give from the prevailing westerly winds. Rainfall varies from approximately 130 millimetres (5.1 in) to 270 millimetres (11 in) per month, with December usually having the highest rainfall and July, the lowest.

Mean annual temperatures depend on altitude and, to some extent, proximity to the coast. The coldest waters around the UK are found off NE England with sea surface temperatures varying from about 5 °C (41 °F) in winter to 13 °C (55 °F) in summer (compared to a range of 8 °C [46 °F] to 18 °C [64 °F] off SW England). Temperature shows both a seasonal and a diurnal variation. January is usually the coldest month, with mean daily minimum temperatures varying from below −0.5 °C (31 °F) over the highest ground to about 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) along the coast and in South Yorkshire. Minimum temperatures usually occur around sunrise and extreme minima have been recorded in winter, often in January or February. The lowest known temperature recorded in the region was −21.1 °C (−6 °F) on 5 January 1941 at Houghall, a pronounced "frost hollow" in the Wear valley near Durham. The late fall / early winter minimum tends to be more extreme differentials between maximum and minimum, with the lowest variation dropping precipitously from November to December. The extremes can be between minus 10-15 °C in January and February, and the extreme winter maximum at 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) in the same months. In the winter months (December–March), Sheffield has 1218 days of ground frost.[38]

July and August are the warmest months, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from about 21 °C (70 °F) in South Yorkshire to less than 16 °C (61 °F) in the higher Pennines. Maximum temperatures are normally 2 or 3 hours after midday. Extreme maximum temperatures can occur in July or August, but are less common in NE England than areas further south. However, one example was the August 1990 heat wave, when temperatures of 33 °C (91 °F) occurred widely.


Weather averages for Sheffield
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 6.3
(43)		 6.5
(44)		 9.0
(48)		 12.0
(54)		 15.8
(60)		 18.8
(66)		 20.5
(69)		 20.1
(68)		 17.3
(63)		 13.4
(56)		 9.0
(48)		 6.8
(44)		 12.8
(55)
Average low °C (°F) 1.4
(35)		 1.3
(34)		 2.5
(37)		 4.1
(39)		 6.9
(44)		 9.8
(50)		 11.8
(53)		 11.7
(53)		 9.8
(50)		 7.1
(45)		 3.9
(39)		 2.2
(36)		 5.9
(43)
Precipitation mm (inches) 81.5
(3.21)		 64.3
(2.53)		 64.8
(2.55)		 60.9
(2.4)		 59.2
(2.33)		 65.9
(2.59)		 58.8
(2.31)		 68.6
(2.7)		 66.0
(2.6)		 74.2
(2.92)		 76.6
(3.02)		 86.3
(3.4)		 813.4
(32.02)
Sunshine hours 48 52 108 125 178 175 200 180 125 90 50 20
Source: [39] 2009-17-02

Carbon footprint and climate change action

In collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute, Sheffield developed a carbon footprint (based on 2004/05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361 tonnes per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010 tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transportation (25%), Consumer (11%), Private Services (9%), Public Services (8%), Food (8%), and Capital Investment (5%).[40]

The Weston Weather station, established in 1882 and one of the longest running stations in Great Britain, has recorded weather for more than 125, and research reveals that Sheffield’s climate is now changing faster than it has at any time during this 125 year period.[41] A 2007 exhibit at the Museums Sheffield, Whatever the Weather, promoted "weather education" and community involvement in global climate change initiatives. Through a combination of educational events, a portable exhibit, and community town meetings, developed and promoted a variety of action awareness programs to help Sheffield residents respond to and cope with climate change. The exhibition, learning and community programs received funding from both the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) through the Climate Challenge Fund and the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF).[42]

Subdivisions

Sheffield Compared[43][44]
UK Census 2001 Sheffield South Yorkshire England
Total population 513,234 1,266,338 49,138,831
Foreign born 6.4% 8.9% 9.2%
White 91% 95% 91%
Asian 4.6% 2.6% 4.6%
Black 1.8% 0.9% 2.3%
Christian 69% 75% 72%
Muslim 4.6% 2.5% 3.1%
Hindu 0.3% 0.2% 1.1%
No religion 18% 14% 15%
Over 75 years old 8.0% 7.6% 7.5%
Unemployed 4.2% 4.1% 3.3%

Sheffield is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew.[3] These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas.[45] The electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies. Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council.[46]

Demographics

People from Sheffield are called Sheffielders. They are also colloquially known to people in the surrounding towns of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Chesterfield as "dee-dars" (which derives from the traditional pronunciation of the "th" in the dialectal words "thee" and "thou", which is now extremely rare to hear).[47] Many Yorkshire dialect words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse[48] due to the Viking influence in this region.

The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a total resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 1.9% decline from the 1991 census.[44] The city is part of the wider Sheffield Urban Area, which had a population of 640,720.[49] The racial composition of Sheffield's population was 91.2% White, 4.6% Asian, 1.8% Black, and 1.6% Mixed. In terms of religion, 68.6% of the population are Christian and 4.6% Muslim. Other religions represent less than 1% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 17.9%, with 7.8% not stating their religion.[50] The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9.4%), mainly because of the large university population (45,000+).[51]

Population change

The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300—representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.[52] The table below shows the population of Sheffield within its borders at that time.

Year 1801 1851 1901 1921 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 60,095 161,475 451,195 543,336 569,884 577,050 574,915 572,794 530,844 528,708 513,234
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time[53]

Economy

See also: Economy of Sheffield and List of companies in Sheffield
Labour Profile[54]
Total employee jobs 255,700
Full-time 168,000 65.7%
Part-time 87,700 34.3%
Manufacturing 31,800 12.4%
Construction 8,500 3.3%
Services 214,900 84.1%
Distribution, hotels & restaurants 58,800 23.0%
Transport & communications 14,200 5.5%
Finance, IT, other business activities 51,800 20.2%
Public admin, education & health 77,500 30.3%
Other services 12,700 5.0%
Tourism-related 18,400 7.2%

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study[55] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by Knight Frank[56] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. Some £250 million was also invested in the city during 2005. This can be seen by the current surge of redevelopments, including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St Paul's Place, Velocity Living, and the Moor redevelopment,[57] the forthcoming NRQ and the recently completed Winter Gardens, Peace Gardens, Millennium Galleries, and many projects under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency. In 2006 the Sheffield economy was worth £8.7 billion (2006 GVA).[58]

St Paul's Place, a new mixed use development in Sheffield City Centre which includes offices, retail space and apartments on either side of a new square/couryard with the Winter Gardens being visisble at the far side. The site is in the final stages of construction
St Paul's place, under construction, 2009

The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying 3rd and 4th places respectively for best office location and best new call centre location. The same report places Sheffield in 3rd place regarding "greenest reputation" and 2nd in terms of the availability of financial incentives.[59]

Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.[60] Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth.[61] This process was made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912,[62] and the work of F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.[63] Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.[64] Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the Boeing Company and the University of Sheffield), Castings Technology International (Cti) and TWI.[65]

While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston. Other areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals.[54]

A city street lined with commercial buildings. There are tram tracks and a tram approaching in the middle distance.
High Street, Central Sheffield

Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques.[66] The main shopping areas in the city centre are on The Moor precinct, Fargate, Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter. Department stores in the city centre include John Lewis, Marks and Spencer, Atkinsons, Castle House Co-op and Debenhams. Sheffield's main market is the Castle Market, built above the remains of the castle. Shopping areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park, Ecclesall Road, London Road, Hillsborough and the Crystal Peaks shopping centre.

Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by Incinerating it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 miles (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops, and offices but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), residential properties.[67] Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60 MW of thermal energy and up to 19 MW electrical energy from 225,000 tonnes of waste.[68]

In a 2008 survey on spending potential, Meadowhall came 12th while Sheffield city centre came 28th.[69] In a 2004 survey on the top retail destinations, Meadowhall was 20th while Sheffield was 35th.[70]

Transport

National and international travel

Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways.[71] The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north and crosses Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport and the Humber ports. The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways.

Night view across an open plaza dominated by a long curving water feature that is decoratively lit. At the far side of the plaza there is the arched frontage of a railway station building
Sheffield railway station

Major railway routes through Sheffield railway station include the Midland Main Line, which links the city to London via the East Midlands, the Cross Country Route which links the East of Scotland and Northeast of England with the West Midlands, and the Southwest, and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with Hull and East Anglia.[72] Passenger rail services serving Sheffield are provided by East Midlands Trains, Cross Country, TransPennine Express, and Northern Rail.[73]

The closest international airport to Sheffield is Doncaster Sheffield Airport, which is located 18 miles (29 km) from the city centre. The airport opened on 28 April 2005 and is served mainly by budget airlines. It handles about one million passengers a year.[74] Leeds Bradford International Airport and East Midlands Airport: Nottingham, Leicester, Derby lie within one hour's drive of the city, and Manchester Airport is connected to Sheffield by a direct train every hour.[75]

Sheffield is also served by a number of coach services. National Express Coaches provides most services, using Sheffield Interchange, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus stop as pick up/drop off points. Sheffield Interchange handles most services and is the start point/terminus for a number of them.[76][77][78]

The Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (canals and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.[79] Chiefly based on the River Don, it runs for a length of 43 miles (69 km) and has 29 locks. It connects Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster with the River Trent at Keadby and (via the New Junction Canal) the Aire and Calder Navigation.[80]

Local travel

Arundel Gate, an ex-dual carriageway that now hosts numerous new bus stops. On the right side there is the 02 Academy, The Odeon and Sheffield Hallam University's Adsetts building. On the left, there is the Crucible theatre which hosts the world snooker championship
Arundel Gate is seen on a Sunday. During the week, the road sees considerable traffic build up, mostly due to the abundance of new bus stops visible in the photo.

The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield.[71] These run east-west and north-south, respectively, crossing in the city centre. Other major roads generally radiate spoke-like from the city centre. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and recently (2007) extended to form a complete ring,[81] allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer ring road runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.[71]

Sheffield does not have as extensive a suburban and inter-urban railway network as other comparable British cities.[82] However, there are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire and Derbyshire. These local routes include the Penistone Line, the Dearne Valley Line, the Hope Valley Line, and the Hallam Line. As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall, there are four suburban stations at Chapeltown, Darnall, Woodhouse and Dore.[83]

The light rail system Sheffield Supertram (operated by Stagecoach Sheffield), opened in 1994, serves the city. Its network consists of three lines, from Halfway to Malin Bridge, from Meadowhall to Middlewood, and from Meadowhall to Herdings Park, with all three lines running via the city centre.[84]

Modern looking tram on a sunny day. The tram is painted mostly white with stripes at the base in two shades of blue and two shades of orange
Sheffield Supertram at Castle Square

Sheffield's local bus infrastructure has its main hub at Sheffield Interchange. Other bus stations lie at Halfway, Hillsborough and Meadowhall. A flurry of new operators were created after deregulation in 1986,[85] though a series of mergers have reduced the number. First South Yorkshire, part of FirstGroup, became by far the largest bus operator and in recent years implemented a series of fare rises and service cuts which saw bus ridership drop.[86][87] Recent developments have seen Stagecoach Sheffield taking over Yorkshire Terrier, Andrews and parent company Yorkshire Traction, thus forming one company and in the process expanding their bus services in the city. This has resulted in increased competition, and price drops on certain routes.[88] A zero-fare bus service—the FreeBee—operates on a circular route around the city centre from the Sheffield Interchange.[89]

In 2008, the Bus Rapid Transit Scheme between Sheffield and Rotherham was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly's Regional Transport Board. There are plans for two routes; one (the Northern route) via Meadowhall and Templeborough, and the other via the developing employment centre and Waverley.[90]

Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads running through it. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from Southport in the north-west to Hornsea in the East Riding.[91]

Sport

Old, faded, photograph showing 15 gentlemen posing seated on some steps at the front of a building
Sheffield F.C. in 1890

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C.,[92] and by 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.[93] There are now three professional clubs in the Football League: Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday and Rotherham United. The two Sheffield clubs were formed from cricket clubs and play in the Football League Championship; Rotherham, who play in Football League Two, have recently moved to play at Sheffield's Don Valley Stadium for the next 3–4 years following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of Millmoor, Rotherham. There are also two major non-league sides: Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., which also formed from cricket clubs, although Sheffield F.C. now play just outside the city in nearby Dronfield. These are the two oldest club sides in the world and, in addition, Hallam F.C. still play at the world's oldest football ground near the suburb of Crosspool. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby, whilst United and Wednesday contest the Steel City derby.

Interior of a sports stadium. There is a running track surrounding a central grassed area. In the distance there are stands full of people
Don Valley Stadium during the World Student Games in 1991

In April 1989, tragedy struck when 96 Liverpool fans died in a crush during their FA Cup semi final at Sheffield Wednesday's Hillsborough Stadium.[94]

Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991. These include the Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, which is the largest athletics stadium in the UK with a capacity of 25,000,[95] Sheffield Arena, and the Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex.

An Ice Hockey layout at the Sheffield Arena
Ice Hockey at Sheffield Arena

There are also facilities for golf, climbing and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated (2003) national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield). The Sheffield Ski Village is the largest artificial ski resort in Europe.[37] The city also has three indoor climbing centres. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport (EIS).[96]

Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, due to the fact that the city's Crucible Theatre is the venue for the World Snooker Championships.[97] The English squash open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship bowls tournaments have both been held at Ponds Forge.[98] The city also hosts the Sheffield Eagles rugby league, Sheffield Tigers rugby union, Sheffield Sharks basketball, Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club, Sheffield Steelers ice hockey and Sheffield Tigers speedway teams.

Culture and attractions

Music

See also: List of musicians from Sheffield
Sheffield City Hall, a Neo-classical design with a large portico and prominent pillars which were damaged when a bomb fell on the ajoining Barkers Pool during World War II. It is a grade II* listed building
Sheffield City Hall

Sheffield has been the home of several well-known bands and musicians, with an unusually large number of synth pop and other electronic outfits hailing from there.[99] These include The Human League, Heaven 17, ABC, and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire. This electronic tradition has continued: techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of Britain's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. There was a thriving goa trance scene in the early 1990s. More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as bassline house have originated in the city.[100] Sheffield is home to a number of high-profile nightclubs – Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular nightclubs in the north of England until its destruction in a fire on 18 June 2007.[101]

Sheffield Arena

Sheffield has also seen the birth of the bands Pulp, Def Leppard, Joe Cocker, Richard Hawley, The Longpigs, Milburn, Moloko, and Bring Me the Horizon along with many other popular and alternative musicians. Recently several indie bands, including Arctic Monkeys and The Long Blondes, have emerged from the city as part of what the NME dubbed the New Yorkshire movement.[102]

In 1999, the National Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened in the city.[103] It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University.[104] Live music venues in the city include the Harley Hotel, Leadmill, West Street Live, the Boardwalk, Dove & Rainbow, The Casbah, The Cremorne, Corporation, New Barrack Tavern, The Runaway Girl, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield, the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre, the O2 Academy Sheffield, and The Grapes.[105][106][107][108][109][110]

Sheffield is home to several local orchestras and choirs, such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra, the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra, the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, and the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus.[111][112][113][114]

Attractions

Side of city square with two theatre buildings. One is low and modern with tables and chairs outside it, the other is tall and decorative, there is a small dome atop its corner crowned with a statue
The Lyceum & Crucible Theatres

Sheffield has two major theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London.[115] There are four major art galleries, including the Millennium Galleries, which hosts the collection of the Guild of St George founded by John Ruskin, and visiting exhibitions from the Victoria and Albert Museum and Tate collections.[116] The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffielders in a similar way to the Hollywood version.[117]

Interior of a glasshouse. The structure of the building consists of large curved wooden beams. There are many plants, including palm trees
Sheffield Winter Gardens

The city also has a number of other attractions such as the Sheffield Winter Garden and the Peace Gardens. The Botanical Gardens recently underwent a £7 million restoration.[118] There is also a city farm at Heeley City Farm and a second animal collection in Graves Park that is open to the public.[119][120] The city also has several museums, including the Weston Park Museum, the Kelham Island Museum, the Sheffield Fire and Police Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and Shepherd Wheel.

There are about 1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield (including the whole of the Sheffield postal district).[121] Of these, only five are Grade I listed. 59 are Grade II*, the rest being Grade II listed.[122] Compared with other English cities, Sheffield has few Grade I buildings. Liverpool, for example, has 26 Grade I listed buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th century buildings of any distinction.[123] By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".[124]

Sheffield has many parks, including Millhouses Park, Endcliffe Park and Graves Park, the latter of which is the largest in the city.[125][126][127]

Media and film

Grey skyscraper with a glass curtain wall. Some of the windows have had coloured blinds added to make a mosaic-like picture of a flower
The Arts Tower, located on the campus of the University of Sheffield

Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, The Star and Sheffield Telegraph, both published by Johnston Press PLC. The Star has been published daily since 1897, whereas the Sheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.[128] There are also three local radio stations broadcasting in the city: the BBC's Radio Sheffield, the independent Hallam FM, and its sister station Magic AM.

The films and plays The Full Monty, Threads, Looks and Smiles, When Saturday Comes, Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? and The History Boys are based in the city.[129] F.I.S.T. also included several scenes filmed in Sheffield. The documentary festival Sheffield Doc/Fest has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema,[130] and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the Awards of the International Indian Film Academy.[131]

Education

Sheffield has two universities, the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 54,000 students to the city every year.[132][133] Sheffield has two further education colleges. Sheffield College is organised on a collegiate basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city, since reduced to just four: City (formerly Castle)[134] in the city centre, Hillsborough, Crystal Peaks on the outskirts and Norton, each operating as semi-autonomous constituents of Sheffield College.

There are also 137 primary schools and 25 secondary schools – of which 7 have sixth forms, and also a special separate sixth-form college, Longley Park Sixth Form College.[135] There are also six independent private schools, including Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School for Girls.[136]

See also

Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sheffield
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References and notes

  1. ^ The mid-2007 population estimate for the City of Sheffield was 530,300 according to the Office for National Statistics. It should be noted that this figure includes the whole area included in the city. Some population figures, for example those given at List of English cities by population use just the urban core of the city and therefore are lower.
  2. ^ Pike, Alistair W.G.; Gilmour, Mabs; Pettitt, Paul; Jacobid, Roger; Ripoll, Sergio; Bahn, Paul; Muñoz, Francisco (2005). "Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK". Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (11): 1649–1655. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f Vickers, J. Edward (1999). Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany (2nd ed.). Sheffield: The Hallamshire Press Limited. ISBN 1-874718-44-X. 
  4. ^ In an entry dated 827 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" (transcription). Most sources (for example Vickers, Old Sheffield Town) state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.
  5. ^ Hunter, Joseph (1819). "Sheffield under De Busli and De Lovetot". Hallamshire: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York. London: Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones. pp. 24–29. 
  6. ^ "Markets history - 1700's and before". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
  7. ^ Geoffrey Chaucer in The Reeve’s Tale from his book The Canterbury Tales wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"
  8. ^ Hey, David (1997). "The Establishment of the Cutlers Company". in Clyde Binfield & David Hey. Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–25. ISBN 0198289979. 
  9. ^ Leader, John Daniel (1880). Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen. Sheffield: Leader & Sons. OCLC 57701910. 
  10. ^ Tweedale, Geoffrey (1986). "Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930". Technology and Culture (The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology) 27 (2): 189–222. 
  11. ^ Phillips, Helen L. (2004). "Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/53918. 
  12. ^ Southall, Aidan William (2000). "The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse". The city in time and space. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–419. ISBN 0521784328. 
  13. ^ "History of the Lord Mayor". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
  14. ^ Harrison, Samuel (1864). A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864. S. Harrison. OCLC 2905832. 
  15. ^ Orwell, George (1937). "Chapter 7". The Road to Wigan Pier. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 
  16. ^ Walton, Mary; Lamb, Joseph Percy (1980). Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940. Sheffield: Sheffield City Libraries. ISBN 0900660554. OCLC 7273086. 
  17. ^ Taylor, Ian R.; Evans, Karen & Fraser, Penny (1996). "The catastrophic decline of Sheffield's industrial district". A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield. Taylor & Francis. pp. 63–72. ISBN 0415138299. 
  18. ^ "SI (Chris Knight, Keith Tyssen and Brett Payne) with Keiko Mukaide 'Cutting Edge', 2006". Public Art Research Archive, Sheffield Hallam University. http://public-art.shu.ac.uk/sheffield/kni420.html. Retrieved 2007-03-15. 
  19. ^ "Elections '08: Sheffield results". The Star (Johnston Press Digital Publishing). 2008-05-02. http://www.thestar.co.uk/headlines/ELECTIONS-3908-Sheffield-results.4046448.jp. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  20. ^ "Lib Dems take power in Sheffield". BBC News Online (BBC). 2008-05-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/7378924.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  21. ^ "The Lord Mayor". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/lord-mayor/current-lord-mayor. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
  22. ^ Price, David (2008). "Blunkett and the Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire". Sheffield Troublemakers: Rebels and Radicals in Sheffield History. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. pp. 149–160. ISBN 978-1-86077-569-7. 
  23. ^ Harston, Jonathan G. (2005). "Sheffield City Council Members: 1974–2004". mdfs.net. Jonathan G. Harston. http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Members/1974.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  24. ^ "Introducing Museums Sheffield". Museums Sheffield website. Sheffield Galleries & Museums Trust. http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/coresite/html/background.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  25. ^ "The Story of the Trust". Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust website. Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust. http://www.simt.co.uk/trust/trust-2.html. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  26. ^ "Boundary changes threaten Labour women". The Guardian. 7 December 2006. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2006/dec/07/labour.uk. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
  27. ^ "International Links". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/international-links. Retrieved 2008-10-07. 
  28. ^ "Polish club shuts its doors after 50 years". The Sheffield Telegraph (Johnston Press Digital Publishing). 2008-02-15. http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/Polish-club-shuts-its-doors.3781854.jp. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  29. ^ Harston, Jonathan G. (2005). "The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994". http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/. Retrieved 2005-12-26. 
  30. ^ "Case Study - Sheffield, UK". Greenstructures and Urban Planning. European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research. http://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm. Retrieved 2005-09-26. 
  31. ^ It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hills (for an example, see George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier). However, a study by J.G.Harston found there to be eight.
  32. ^ Beer, A. R. (2000). "Sheffield Metropolitan District - Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics". Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning. Map21 Lrd.. http://web.archive.org/web/20080104062412/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-19. 
  33. ^ "Trees & Woodlands in Sheffield". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands. Retrieved 2006-08-11. 
  34. ^ Barbosa O, Tratalos J, Armsworth, PR, Davies RG, Fuller RA, Johnson P, Gaston KJ (2007). "Who benefits from access to green space? A case study from Sheffield, UK.". Landscape and Urban Planning 83: 187–195. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.04.004
  35. ^ "About Us - Trees & Woodlands Section". Sheffield City Council website. Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/trees--woodlands/about-the-trees--woodlands-section. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  36. ^ "New village officer will boost rural communities". Peak District National Park Authority. 2009-06-22. http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/index/news/news-display-page.htm?id=19530. Retrieved 2009-08-07. 
  37. ^ a b "Sheffield City Council - Sheffield Facts and Figures". www.sheffield.gov.uk. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
  38. ^ Sheffield Temperature Data, Ground Frost]. Accessed 22 August 2009.
  39. ^ "Sheffield 1955-2000 averages". Sheffieldweather.co.uk. http://sheffieldweather.co.uk/html/averages_1955_onwards.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17. 
  40. ^ Sheffield City Council, Carbon Footprint. Accessed 22 August 2009.
  41. ^ Gaynor Boon, Curator of Earth Sciences, Museums Sheffield, Is Sheffield’s weather changing?: Some recent trends in the weather, Accessed 21 June 2009.
  42. ^ Community Initiates, Whatever the Weather Accessed 22 August 2009.
  43. ^ United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). "South Yorkshire (Met County)". statistics.gov.uk. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/2C-A.asp. Retrieved 2007-07-11. 
  44. ^ a b United Kingdom Census 2001 (2001). "Sheffield (Local Authority)". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search. Retrieved 2007-07-11. 
  45. ^ "Sheffield's Ward Boundaries". Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/ward-boundaries. Retrieved 2005-12-29. 
  46. ^ "Types of Elections". Sheffield City Council website. Sheffield City Council. http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/elections/types-of-elections. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  47. ^ Alexander, Don (2001). Orreight Mi Ol': observations on dialect, humour and local lore of Sheffield & District. Sheffield: Northern Map Distributors. ISBN 1-901587-18-5.  It had largely died out by the time of the Survey of English Dialects however.
  48. ^ "Yorkshire Dialect Words of Old Norse Origin". The Vikings. The Viking Network. http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-yorkshire_norse.htm. Retrieved 2005-01-05. 
  49. ^ "Usual Resident population: Census 2001, Key statistics for urban areas". ONS. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls. 
  50. ^ "Sheffield". Census 2001. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00cg.asp. Retrieved 2005-12-21. 
  51. ^ "Mid-2005 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for Primary Care Organisations (PCOs) for England; estimated resident population (experimental). On boundaries as at 1 October 2006". National Statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9585&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=128. Retrieved 2007-04-02. 
  52. ^ "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
  53. ^ "Sheffield District: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 
  54. ^ a b "Labour Market Profile: Sheffield". Nomis official labour market statistics. Office for National Statistics. http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/tml/rep.aspx?template=labour_market_profile.htm&pt=486&st=-1&aKv=2038432027&aNm=Sheffield&printable=yes. Retrieved 2007-04-05.  Data is taken from the ONS annual business inquiry employee analysis and refers to 2005
  55. ^ "Wealth hotspots 'outside London'". BBC News Online (BBC). 7 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3871857.stm. 
  56. ^ "Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment". BBC News Online (BBC). 2005-11-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm. 
  57. ^ "Metamorphosis of The Moor - Sheffield Telegraph". www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk. http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
  58. ^ "ONS GVA figures 2006, released 2008" (PDF). ONS. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-25. 
  59. ^ UK Cities Monitor 2008. Cushman & Wakefield. 2008. 
  60. ^ There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the Oxford English Dictionary, which begins its entry for Sheffield, "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which in its entry for Sheffield states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". David Hey in the preface to his 1997 book Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-828997-9) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the Cutlers' Company in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."
  61. ^ Mezenin, N. (1972). "Huntsman". Metallurgist (New York: Springer) 16 (7): 510–512. doi:10.1007/BF00731738. 
  62. ^ "Harry Brearley 1871–1948". Tilt Hammer. http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html. Retrieved 2006-12-30. 
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  64. ^ Rae, Bob (2008-01-25). "Hi-tech centre celebrates a year of success". The Star (Johnston Press Digital Publishing). http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  65. ^ "The AMP". Advanced Manufacturing Park website. Yorkshire Forward. http://www.ampwaverley.com/the-amp. Retrieved 2009-07-23. 
  66. ^ Taylor, Ian R.; Evans, Karen (1996). "Shop 'Til You Drop:The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield". A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England : a study in Manchester and Sheffield. Fraser, Penny. Taylor & Francis. pp. 115–162. ISBN 0415138299. 
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  72. ^ Routes 53, 51, 29 and 49 respectively. See "Network Rail Timetable Map" (PDF). Network Rail website. Network Rail. May 2009. http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/tocs_maps/maps/trainoperators.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-07.  (Key to routes at "List of tabel numbers and routes" (PDF). Network Rail website. Network Rail. May 2009. http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/eNRT/May09/List%20of%20Table%20Nos.%20and%20Routes.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-07. )
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External links

The City of Sheffield, England
About Sheffield Sheffield City Council logo
Districts of Sheffield by ward
Ceremonial county of South Yorkshire
Yorkshire Portal
Metropolitan districts
Major settlements
Rivers
Dearne • Don • Dove • Idle • Loxley • Rivelin • Sheaf • Rother
Topics
Districts of Yorkshire and the Humber
Places with city status in the United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Armagh · Belfast · Derry · Lisburn · Newry
25 largest settlements in the UK by urban core population
   
  1. London: 7,172,091
  2. Birmingham: 970,892
  3. Glasgow: 629,501
  4. Liverpool: 469,017
  5. Leeds: 443,247
  1. Sheffield: 439,866
  2. Edinburgh: 430,082
  3. Bristol: 420,556
  4. Manchester: 394,269
  5. Leicester: 330,574
  1. Coventry: 303,475
  2. Kingston upon Hull: 301,416
  3. Bradford: 293,717
  4. Cardiff: 292,150
  5. Belfast: 276,459
  1. Stoke-on-Trent: 259,252
  2. Wolverhampton: 251,462
  3. Nottingham: 249,584
  4. Plymouth: 243,795
  5. Southampton: 234,224
  1. Reading: 232,662
  2. Derby: 229,407
  3. Dudley: 194,919
  4. Newcastle upon Tyne: 189,863
  5. Northampton: 189,474

Coordinates: 53°23′09″N 1°28′10″W / 53.38583°N 1.46944°W / 53.38583; -1.46944

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